My Friend’s Most Important Decision Essay

Firstly, I would like to introduce my friend Jenny, who was born in China and now she is 25 years old. In 2011, she left her great job and came to the United States to pursue her master degree. Jenny decided to study in the United States and in particular at JWU because she wanted to study professional knowledge of management and have a master degree, she believe the U.S is the origin of the MBA program and JWU is famous for its hotel management program. First and foremost, after graduation, Jenny worked at the Beijing Branch of Education Service Center for about three years. She has great expectations for her career and she wants to get a high position but it’s difficult for her. She said,† You can see my academic background, I never studied any business knowledge, if I want to get high promotion, to study professional knowledge of management and have a master degree is important for me.† Thus, she wanted to get an MBA to get more knowledge of management and improve all kinds of abilities and help herself with her career objective. Another reason why she decided to study in the U.S. is because she believe that the United States is the origin of the MBA program. The United States’ MBA program pays more attention to practical skills and ability development, like communication, leadership, control, decision making, influence and entrepreneurship. She thinks studying in America can advance her career and make her more competitive in her field. She said to me, â€Å"American’s Hospitality management program is very strong†. Because in America , many universities are famous for this program, like: Cornell University, University of Houston, Pennsylvania State University, and the U.S. also has some famous hotel, like: Hilton Grand Vacations, New York Hotel and so on. Thus, she believes America is a good place for her to study this major. Most of all, Johnson & Wales university is famous for its hotel management program. She has a friend who is currently studying hotel management at JWU, and her friend told her some advantages about this university, especially teaching resources on management is quite good. After that, she searched a lot of information on the internet, and found that JWU was suitable for her. She said,† this university is career-oriented school, especially pay attention to students’ practical skill development, like communication, decision making, entrepreneurship and leadership ability†. Many students who graduate from JWU can get into big companies like Hilton Hotel, so she believes studying at JWU can make her more competitive in the future. For these reasons and more, Jenny decided that in order to make herself more marketable that she needed to leave her job in China and move to the United States in order to learn professional knowledge and extend her education. Therefore, Jenny, my best friend, chose to study in the United States in an MBA program and in particular at JWU with a concentration in Hospitality.

Background of the Study Essay

In the recent years, mobile phone usage has been in its rapid growth. 80% of the world’s population now has a mobile phone. Based on the statistics, there are 5 billion mobile phones in the world out of which only 1. 08 billion are smartphones. According to the research compiled by GfK Asia, smartphones have taken over the market for mobile handsets in Southeast Asia. Also GfK Asia says that in countries like Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines and Cambodia, growth in smartphone use year over year ranged from 40% to as high as 400%. The smartphones market in the Philippines grew the fastest among Southeast Asian countries over the past year, which also recorded the fastest increase in market share versus feature phones. Most of the mobile phones nowadays are addressed as â€Å"Smartphone†; because they just not only provide original telephone features, but also various functions that can be done with other devices, such as PDAs or computers. Along with the smartphone fundamental capabilities to make voice call, video call, SMS, and MMS, smartphone have been repositioned as a ? new information medium (May & Hearn, 2005). These new functions make smartphones different from regular feature phones. Therefore, the society has slowly moved their cell phone purchasing decision to smartphone (Min, et al. , 2012). Smartphone technology is inevitably changing peoples’ behaviors; especially young adults using smartphone frequently today. CourseSmart, which is the world‘s largest provider of digital course materials and eTextbooks, found that university students can‘t go long without checking their digital devices, including smartphone, laptop and more (CourseSmart, 2011) University students are very in to checking their accounts in Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, or even sending emails etc. using smartphone with their web connection feature. Today, students are using their smartphones for nearly everything and they consume mobile information almost everywhere that allows them. Therefore, consumers are highly concern with technologies that they might change their devices from time to time. In other words, due to the advancement of technology devices can be easily replaced. Hence, for the smartphone manufacturers it is essential to know what factors that actually affecting purchase intention of smartphone among young adults.

Cell Phones

Are cell phones dangerous? Cell phones are a wonderful thing. You can talk. Take pictures. Listen to music. Converse over email or text messaging, and browse the Internet among a handful of other things. I love to use my cell phone and actually use it more then any other phone at the office or at home. However, I use it with immense concern. I have concern about the use of the phone causing health issues, like cancer and brain tumors over time. Are these concerns warranted? I have studied technology and specifically wireless communications as a graduate student at Northwestern University. My professor had advanced scientific wireless knowledge and advised us all to get headsets for our cell phones. So why would someone who works in the field be this concerned to offer this advice? Given that cell phones operate with Radio Frequencies (RF) and thus use a form of electromagnetic energy located on the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio waves and the waves used in microwave ovens, radars and satellites. How many times have you heard not to stand in front of the microwave since it could cause health issues? The FCC offers recommendations for the appropriate and safe amount of exposure to RF energy. I found these RF Safety FAQ’s to be somewhat helpful in identifying and answering some my exposure questions. According to the FCC, â€Å"the threshold level is a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) value for the whole body of 4 watts per kilogram (4 W/kg)†. So what does that mean to a normal human being? I will use myself as an example; I weigh 171 pounds which converts to approximately 78 kg. So that means I can absorb 312 watts in my whole body. Still what does that mean in the case of a cell phone? The FCC has also required all wireless phones in the U. S. eet a conservative radiation safety standard of 1. 6 SAR and most do with much to spare. When translated into wattage, wireless phones maximally emit power in the range of 0. 2 to 0. 6 watts. When you compare this to what a walkie-talkies which emit radiation in excess of 10 watts or an AM radio stations, which emit radiation at levels of 50,000 watts or more! However these numbers do not take into account outside factors that come into play when using a cell phone. The amount of RF you are exposed to with the use of a cell phone depends on a number of factors which include: 1. The age of your cell phone (an older analog model would create higher exposure levels than a newer phone). 2. ) The duration and frequency of using your cell phone (this one is scary! ) 3. ) The distance from the base station pushing out the signals. So let’s take a closer look at the three points above. Age of the cell phone is pretty self-explanatory; most people have upgraded from their â€Å"Saved by the Bell† Zach Morris phone to the newer digital style phones with all the bells and whistles so I would not be too concerned. However, if you have not, I would advise you to upgrade as soon as possible. There are a number of deals available that make new phones cost next to nothing. Secondly, the duration and frequency of using your cell phone scares me a little bit. So if my phone emits 0. 2 t0 0. 6 watts of energy, how much is that same amount amplified by placing it directly next to the soft tissue of the brain? Currently, I subscribe to a cellular service package with unlimited night and weekend minutes. I did some checking and I usually use around 900 minutes a month. So this means that my brain is getting zapped with 0. 2 to 0. 6 watts of RF energy on an average of 900 minutes a month. I do not imagine this can be good for the soft tissue of my brain, especially since the FCC does not examine the affects of RF produced by cell phones on the soft tissue of the brain. Third and finally, the distance from the base station you are connected to should be taken into account. This one may be very difficult to measure and quantify. In my specific network with SprintPCS, I rarely go with lack of service, which I assume means I am always fairly close to the next station to make up the web of cell pods that push out the signals. The cellular network is set up in a hexagonal pattern which maps over the entire area you live. As you move from one hexagonal cell to the next you are fairly close to the center of the cell at all times. Though I do not know what scientific evidence I can draw and quantify from this information in relation to health issues. So after examining those three factors, it seems that much like cigarette smoking was accepted and not linked to illness until the appropriate medical and scientific knowledge was gathered to prove otherwise, it is possible that cell phone usage and exposure to RF energy on soft tissue could cause serious health issues (i. . tumors). So in the meantime there are a few options: 1. ) Keep using my phone next to ear in hopes that this is just a scare. 2. ) Take action! Use a headset connected to the headset jack (not a Bluetooth device) to get the handset away from the soft tissue of the brain. Or get a cellphone with a speaker phone to get the handset further way from your skull. Since an inadequate length of time has passed to show evidence that there is no link between tumors and cell phones because right now the studies conducted on cell phones and health concerns have been performed with adequate duration to do otherwise. I am going to have to go with option number two and use a headset for as many of the 900 minutes a month that I currently spend with the handset pressed firmly to my skull while is send waves electromagnetic radiation through the soft tissue of my brain and I would advise you to do the same until more solid research has been concluded. Chatting away on your cell phone because you have great cell phone package with free nights and weekends and loads of minutes may just have gone out of style with the latest study in which links extended cell phone usage to brain tumors. Prior studies just last year found showed no evidence radiation from mobile phones were harmful. I was admittedly skeptical when I read them. The most recent study conducted by the Swedish National Institute for Working Life looked at the mobile phone use of 905 people between the age of 20 and 80 who had been diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor and found a link. The study also shows that the rise in risk is noticeable for tumors on the side of the head where the phone was said to be used After reading the latest findings, I would recommend using a mobile hands free headset if you can. For related reading you might also want to check out a post I made in June 2005 titled, Are cell phones dangerous?

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Annotated Bibliography Example The authors argue that since human interactions are inimitable and cannot be reproduced in a different organizational context without losing their innate characteristics, organizations can retain knowledge within the organization and continue to use it as a strategic asset to create competitive advantage. This article challenges the assumption of a universal set of knowledge management practices by arguing for a contingency-based approach to knowledge management. The article describes the organizational context for knowledge management along the dimensions of process and content orientation on the one hand and focused and broad domains on the other. Based on the possible combinations, four different approaches are identified, i.e. internalization, externalization, combination and socialization. Based on where the particular organizational division is situated in the contingency grid, managers should adopt the associated approach to promote knowledge creation and management among employees. Empirical research validates much of the contingency model with the exception of the externalization approach as it did not contribute to the expected positive impact. This report explains how managers may benefit from implementing knowledge management practices in the organization. The report highlights several advantages of knowledge management including the promotion of creativity, faster decision making and competitive responses in the market. The report encourages managers to adopt knowledge management practices by discussing examples of real organizations where knowledge management has been implemented and has yielded beneficial results. Knowledge management can be practiced by creating appropriate structures and systems to create and disseminate knowledge. The report also states that managers should constantly evaluate the effectiveness of their knowledge management systems by establishing specific criteria to measure the

Discussion posts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion posts - Essay Example An EMR would definitely help me as a nurse in such situations. I can seek the help of other doctors with the help of the EMR of the patient. It should be noted that EMRs usually contain information with respect to the laboratory results and a list of the patient’s medications. The second doctor can go through these details and suggest suitable medicines for the patient. CDSS tools can prevent drug interactions also. Suppose a medicine prescribed by a doctor may have interactions with another medicine used by the same patient. CDSS can help nurses to check the interactions between different medicines prescribed by the doctors. It is not necessary that the doctor may check such interactions before prescribing certain medicines to a particular patient. In such cases, nurses can check the possible interactions between different medicines used by the patient with the help of CDSS and remind the doctor about it. In short, CDSS and EMRs are the foundations of the modern healthcare systems which help me as a nurse immensely in decision making. My healthcare organization utilize EPIC as its documentation system. I begin my shift with verbal bedside report and by reviewing the electronic chart SBAR. I have an opportunity to review orders with pending discontinuance times and dates, labs, medication administration record and written documentation notes by each discipline within the hospital setting. I enjoy the electronic version because it limits problems with penmanship. Often times I use different areas within the EPIC system to help me understand the scientific rationale for orders and plans of care which helps me proactive care for my patient instead of reactive providing care. I have my dashboard settings set up to notify me of orders, results and new documentation notes to keep me abreast to updates regarding my patients care. I love the idea of having my chart at my fingertip without literally having the

Financial Accounting Ethics Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Accounting Ethics Case Study - Essay Example Despite the use of various defensive tactics such as poison put, white knight, lockup, crown jewel, shark repellent and golden parachute, it has not hampered the predominance of mergers and acquisitions. However, the process of mergers and acquisitions has been engulfed with various challenges that often threaten its validity (DePamphilis, 2007). Accountants and management act incongruously to report a better value of a company’s assets, liabilities and working capital so as to gain an advantage during the merging and acquisition process. This paper shall comprehensively analyze a case study involving the Finance Manager at Home and Care Products, Lisa Michaels, and an accountant of Prestige Fragrance Company, Jeffrey Anderson, with an aim of establishing the ethical issues inherent in the case and advise Lisa on the best strategies to use in resolving and overcoming the unethicality. In the process of mergers and acquisition, accountants are supposed to use two methods; the purchase method and the pooling of interests. Under each method, assets, equity and working capital are differently valued but their valuation is standard and should be easily provable through provision of supporting documents. Various ethical issues are inherent in the case study. Firstly, the accountants are violating the principles violated by FASB and are creating unnecessary sections within the financial records. Moreover, they are inflating sales and earnings, a clear violation of the conservatism concept, so that the parent company perceives the subsidiary as financially healthy, which is far from the reality (Bushman & Smith, 2001). Additionally, Jeffrey Anderson accumulated several assets in the â€Å"Other Assets† section in the balance sheet while he could not appropriately account for the assets. The validity and nature of the assets

What Does it Mean to Be Well Educated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

What Does it Mean to Be Well Educated - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that education happens to be the key of professionalism in the modern society. The modern society is very dependent on education because it depends on ideologies and well-organized strategies for its growth and development. This explains why people in the modern society do an effort to make sure they are well educated. To be well educated is a very critical topic, the fact is that individuals are only well educated in a certain field but not in all fields. This is where professionalism and division of labor come in; division of labor is a situation where individuals get involved in doing what they can do at their best. It is not funny to meet individuals who have specialized in medicine and cannot discuss a concept from the field of literature or individuals from the field of literature who cannot solve a simple mathematics problem. According to Alfie Kohn, people are only perfect with what they have specialized in, education is more of spe cialization. To be well educated can be defined as a situation where an individual can think deeply, function highly and be professionally successful in the field they have specialized in; this in short calls for competence. The problem about well-educated people arise when lacks some skills and facts they are expected to possess. The truth is that different education systems in the world have created monsters. This is a situation where individuals fail to perform in their field of specialization in education.... This is a situation where individuals fail to perform in their field of specialization in education. There are several myths which have been developed in the field of education and they have been destructive. One myth is where education is seen as the purpose of giving someone the means of upward mobility and success. This is very wrong because it makes people even to cheat in exams because promotion in job is based on class results ending up producing literally unfit individuals who are only interested in high pay and promotion in job. There is another myth which states that ignorance is a solvable problem. The truth is ignorance cannot be a solvable problem; this is because the advance of knowledge carries with it an element of ignorance (Orr, 1996). There are several attributes and notable traits which appear to be with most of the well educated people. These attributes are exceptional and makes educated people to be different from the uneducated or semi educated individuals. Most of well-educated people can listen and hear well, this means they know how to give attention and can fall an argument, track logical reasoning and detect illogic. They can also empathize with other people. They are accommodative; this means they can easily mingle with anyone freely due to exposure in different communication skills through education. They practice respect and humility, tolerance and self-criticism. This simply means that they can feel and understand the power of other individual’s dreams and nightmares as well as their own. They are good in nurturing and empowering people around them. This means they are willing to help other people to move up in the radar of both education and life success. Educated people through their education understands how to get

Substitution and Income Effects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Substitution and Income Effects - Research Paper Example The objective of this paper is to analyze the fluctuations over the purchase behaviors of individuals with relation to the ‘income effect’ and the ‘substitute effect’ when the gasoline prices go high. Theoretical Perspective From a theoretical perspective, the substitute effect essentially refers to the effect over the purchase decisions which take place as a result of the changes in terms of price of the commodities. When the price of a particular commodity increases, the individuals tend to purchase the substitutes of that commodity which would cost them less than the earlier one. One of the major impacts is on the purchasing power of the individuals which seems to be lower when the price of the commodities rises. This can be regarded as a consequential effect to the fact that the fixed budget is less flexible than the prices changes of the commodities which, in turn, tend to determine the consumption capacity of that particular individual or household. In this context, though the budget of the consumer does not alter, the increase on the prices tends to present a circumstance as if the individual has lowered his/her budget with similar consequences to a decrease in the income of the individual. Therefore, the individual responds according to the fluctuation in the purchasing power which is termed as the income effect (Samuelson, 1980). This particular relationship between the budget, substitute and price changes can be apparently witnessed from the diagram represented below: Source: (Iowa State University, 2012) As can be witnessed from the above diagram, q1 and q2 represent the original product and the substitute products respectively. The graph represents that for purchasing 18 units of product q1 and q2, the individual has to spend 8 units and 4 units respectively increasing the probability to consume q2, provided all other factors such as quality are assured (Iowa State University, 2012). Discussion The discussion henceforth wil l address the critical situation over a year when the prices of gasoline have been assumed to increase by 100%. 1. You drove less and purchased less gasoline The reduction in the driving distance is expected to result in a lesser consumption of gasoline. Over a year, with the speedy hikes in the gasoline prices, i.e. by 100%, it becomes quite likely that a budget constraint shall be witnessed. Consequently, as substitute of gasoline, especially in the case of automobiles that are quite constricted, an apparent occurrence of income effect is bound to take place. It is in this context that by reducing the driving distances, the expenditure in terms of gasoline can also be reduced substantially mitigating the constraint of lowered budget due to rapid price increases. 2. You ate out less often In this situation, the consumer responds to the increase in gasoline prices by avoiding gasoline consumption needed to travel with the purpose of having food outside. In this context, the reaction of avoiding travel for outdoor fooding can be regarded as a result of income effect. It is in this context that by avoiding extra gasoline consumption for such luxurious or rather such recreational causes, savings can be augmented proportionately and, likewise, the budget flow can be made flexible by a certain extent. 3. You spent less to

Knowledge Management and IT Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Knowledge Management and IT Services - Essay Example More than ever before, IT infrastructure in Islamic Bank of Britain is both key for business strategy and the source of competitive advantages and critical achievement factor in many industries. At the similar, IT infrastructure that supports commerce has grown quickly in a scope and extensiveness, becoming more and more difficulty than ever and before. More highly, IT enters into a new era where operational fineness counts, IT organization are focusing labors on humanizing IT service levels as also reducing the service release and service support cost as a key driver for delivering IT value. Value added by put into practice control approach, jointly with IT service management, it will benefit the commerce world and enter into a new commerce world. This paper emphasize two well practice IT supremacy, which is control approach labor closer with the organization goal. ITIL, IT service management, which value added to the organization for advantage the Islamic Bank of Britain from civil izing customer approval. This paper also exemplify how risk and control subject on map COBIT control approach, also how ITIL advantage the organization from the service support and service release that been careful as the heart of the ITIL structure for IT service management (Alpar, P. and Kalmring, D. 2001, pp.730-742). "Knowledge" is a set of beliefs, expertise, experiences and assumptions that the human mind uses to form casual relationships between phenomena, and assign meaning to data in order to generate information." (Sanchez and Heene 1997). Research in knowledge management classically classifies knowledge into two essential forms: tacit and explicit knowledge. No doubt, explicit knowledge is knowledge that is clearly articulated and in businesses, such knowledge is often collected, stored and discrete as management information of Islamic Bank of Britain (Bose, R. 2004, pp. 457-468). Tacit knowledge is the

A frosty rime Essay Example for Free

A frosty rime Essay Early in the book the reader is encouraged to take a negative view of Scrooge through the following type of descriptions And even Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event, but he was an excellent man of business on the day of the funeral, this quotation shows that Scrooge is so cold and disrespectful that he would prefer to attend his business than go to his sole friend, and partners funeral. He was supposed to be the sole mourner at Marleys funeral, which makes you pity Marley that no one was mourning his death and despise Scrooge for being so mean and not paying his respects to his dead friend and partner. Dickens paints a picture of Scrooge in your head with a string of rapid adjectives such as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! This use of negative descriptive language immediately creates an image of him, which makes the reader dislike him. Dickens uses words that relate to cold in his descriptions of scrooge, The cold within him froze, A frosty rime, chill, No wind that blew was bitterer and so on. He uses the word cold to put forward a view of Scrooge as a dark, cold, bitter person, and often reminds us of this by using these words throughout the beginning of the text. In fact between the pages 11 and 13 there are at least 30 words that are associated with the word cold. Most people enjoy Christmas but not Scrooge, whats Christmas but a time for paying bills without money; a time for finding yourself a year older, but not an hour richer; a time for balancing your books and having every item in em through a round dozen of months presented dead against you. This outburst of bad points about Christmas shocks the reader. How can anyone despise Christmas so much? This makes you question whether he has any emotions at all. We feel even more against Scrooge when he asked why his nephew got married and in reply his nephew answered, Because I fell in love. Then Scrooge replied, as if that were the only one thing in the world more ridiculous than merry Christmas. So for all the romantics out there this is a very cold, heartless thing to say. There is a complete dichotomy between Scrooge and his nephew one a kind, caring, cheerful man the other a cold, greedy, lonely man Scrooge said one of the meanest comments in the book after being asked to give a donation to the poor. He asked whether prisons and workhouses were still open and why the poor werent there. The men answered, Many cant go there; and many would rather die. And Scrooge said spitefully, If they would rather die they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population . At this point we have developed strong negative emotions and thoughts towards Scrooge. Even though the beginning of the story is packed with negative feelings about Scrooge there are some points where you sympathize with him Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, My dear Scrooge, how are you? When will you come and see me? This partly explains why he has turned out the way he has as he is very lonely. This leads us to reflect on his childhood. He had a very lonely and neglected childhood, A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still. You cant neglect children (this was a serious issue in Victorian Britain) and expect them to grow into caring adults. There are clear parallels between the lonely Christmases of his childhood and Scrooges current lifestyle, solitary as an oyster, thin lips blue. We understand and sympathize with Scrooge when the ghost of Marley haunts him, Marleys ghost is a stereotypical Victorian ghost, rattling chains, wailing etc. Most people would be scared if his or her dead partner and friend came back to them as a ghost. So was Scrooge although he makes out he had no emotions, Scrooge trembled more and more. Marley tried to warn Scrooge not to make the same mistake he did, I am here to-night to warn you, that you have yet a chance and hope of escaping my fate. Yet Scrooge still refuses to listen which shows he is stubborn, I I think Id rather not, But we can understand this, as he is very scared. In stave four we are looking through scrooges eyes at people who are criticising him. We sympathise with Scrooge when the men are discussing the dead man who we assume is Scrooge. We assume this because they imply the person is very stingy even when dead, Its likely to be a very cheap funeral. And that he is rich What has he done with his money. These men are very hypocritical. They are very rich yet they are bickering over Scrooges wealth. These men are mocking and laughing at this dead man and then considering just going to the funeral if food is provided, I dont mind if lunch is provided. This quotation shows that they have no respect for this man and makes us pity him. In the final stave there is a lot of humour behind Scrooge. He has become a kind, giving, joyful man, I am as light as a feather, as happy as an angel, as merry as a schoolboy. I am as giddy as a drunken man. This quotation makes us laugh at Scrooge, but also with him. The reader shifts his emotions and sympathies for Scrooge from disliking him at the beginning of the book, to not being bothered what happens to him towards the middle and finally sympathizing with him by the end.

Constructivism Analysis of Chinas Rise

Constructivism Analysis of Chinas Rise China has been rising rapidly since the implication of reform and open-door policy in 1978. During the thirty years, China became the second largest economic power with $8.3 trillion GDP and growth rate of 7.8% in 2013. The income per capital is 6000$. On the political side, China has been taking actions on reform domestically and taking part in the international activities. Military, cultural as well as technology have been developed. Most important of this fact is that China consistently adopting the peaceful rise strategy which seeks a new regional structure of mutual trust, cooperation and mutual beneficial. This essay will explain Chinas rise process in Constructivism approach. Realism, liberalism and Constructivism are the three important theories of international relations. Under Realism, there is a game of super power states to survive. The rise of China is reasonable seen as a threat regarding its growing political, economic and military capabilities. Neighbour states should be cautious about the unsatisfied China (à §Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ) to transform the regional system. Liberalism argues that the increase of economic interdependence will increase of economic interdependence will decrease the likelihood of political conflicts (21111). Due to the high opportunity cost, violence could be avoided to maintain each countrys material interests. These two theories focus on visible facts in the international relations; while there is invisible factors should be highlighted. Social Constructivism is an important approach in explain international relation with a starting point of human behaviour and unconsciously follows cultural and historical norms; meanwhile, compared with other materialistic theories who regard countries are unitary actors to maximise their power, constructivists see countries as social actors that may follow both material power comparison and international rules.(32) Wendt thinks that the international structure would influences both national behaviour and identity, interest. Two important spheres should be highlighted in the ongoing international structures-the national identity and structural change for a certain region.(à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° National Identity of China In the international society (rather than international system (b1,193)), national identity is an important role for the regional security,(45) Wdent, one of the most prominent constructivists, defines identity is a property of international actors that generates motivational and behavioural dispositions'(wdent 1999,224 cited in36) and is a relatively stable, role-specific understandings and expectations about self(Wdent,1999,21 cited in 36). National identity is crucial in the international relations that matters foreign policy making as well as the interaction between Self and Other. (b1, 197) Under the constructivism view, East Asia is a society of states with various national images among which China is quite unique since it has been à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã…’à ¨Ã‚ µÃ‚ ° in so called Chinese Model for about forty years. A better understanding of Chinas national identity is based on the application of Wendts four identities categories (b2,224-233). First, corporate identity of China argues the essential properties that rarely changes. Domestically, no matter which kind of political regime is applied, government policies are deeply influenced by thousands-year Confucian morality which values harmony and prosperity(Culture Revolution from 1966 to 1976 is an exception and an extreme case in very special situation). The huge population of 1.3 billion from 56 ethnic groups and large geographic territory helps China to achieve a successful domestic market but regard domestic stability of first importance. Second, type identity is corresponding to regime type which reflects self-organising and social quality(b2,226). Stated in 1982 Constitution, http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html The Peoples Republic of Chinais a socialist state under the peoples democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. Even though the word democratic is always ignored by foreign scholars, the tight central control does not mean an arbitrary all the time, nor does it possible in the globalising process. Marxism with Chinese characters is the main doctrine (47), as a result, the so called arbitrary governance is actually a Chinese style governance based on social reality rather than the compelling aspiration from a single party, it is the lesson learned from massive history from 1959 to 1976. On economic aspect, China now is applying a two-track system of socialist plus market economy with Chinese characteristicsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ once again), which has led to huge achievements in last two decades. Chinese develop process has constructed the Beijing Consensus that draws many attention from the world. Third, the following two national identity categoriesroleà ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ…’à §Ã‚ §Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’- and collective identity are more important in this article because they are closely related to interactions with foreign countries and contribute to structural change in a long-term. Chinas rise is a continuing process, so collective identity would be discussed in the next section. Wendt (b2,227-228) argues that role identity cannot realised by oneself, but carry Others around with us in our heads. In the international society, role identity is based on the degree of interdependence†¦of Self and Others. Corresponding to the rising China, is the increasing cultural, political and economic interactions with East Asia countries. This raises the question to many countries that whether China is a status quo power. Though status quo and revisionist power are two concepts under realisms power transition theory, they are vital in constructivism by showing that how would neighbour countries identify China and to interpret their further foreign policies in the region. For this question, Chinese foreign policies such as neighbour friendly and peace-loving would make sense if there is a positive answer. However, China Threat idea, which indicates an unsatisfied and revisionist China, is also widespread and seems quite convinced. Numbers of literatures have been discussing about the problem and Johnston(49) summarised that China for now is generally a status quo power while seeking a more favourable international system in a moderate method, a revisionist situation would occur when territory dis pute and Taiwan dilemma are heavily intensified. Back to the theme of the article, a status quo power is more aligned with Chinas peace rise strategy. Wendt also find the constructive approach to describe the undergoing situation of China in East Asia. He(1999) promotes three kinds culturesHobbesian culture, Lockean culture, Kantian Culture with dominant roles of enemy, rival, and friend respectively to illustrate the tendency of an anarchic system. Since Hobbesian is naturally related to the realism theory of a hard world (b2,259) and the high level coherence in Kantian culture (there is no need for any discussion if China and other East Asian countries are already morally good friends), Kantian Culture is applicable in East Asia, furthermore, Wendt himself also agree the status quo is implicit in such culture(279). It is a shared idea for every East Asian country recognise others sovereignty, life and liberty(279),even for small countries like those ASEAN members, sovereignty and rights are recognised by others, however, there is no guarantee in East Asia that violence will disappear, especially concerning the territory disputes between China-Japan on Diaoyu Island and South China Sea Dispute. Rivalry also admits the uncertainty of Others but denied the realist approach to prepare for the worst because they are not enemies. The reactions of China and neighbour countries just reflect Wendts policy implication of Lockean culture. The avoidance of hot conflict with Japan and dispute suspend, development policy with ASEAN members are examples for behave in a status quo toward each others sovereignty and High-risk aversion(282). On the other hand, military power is still important, this is could be seen from Chinas deep-blue navy development and more frequent Japan, Philippines joint military exercise with the United States since 2010. As Wendt notes, rivals limit rather than delete violence. Projecting Chinas new identity and Changing East Asians Structure The section above has defined China as a big developing power with unique Chinese characteristics and a status quo country in the region. This kind of image would more or less provide confidence for East Asians future, as Wendt argues, even though it is too difficult to reach Kantian Culture, the situation will not go backward. In fact, China and its East Asian neighbours do put effort for a better regional system. To be specific, the constructivism task is to à §Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚  identity gap(45à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬42à ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° and then promote a collective identity. à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Shared knowledge, material resources and practices are the three components of a social structure (34), this norm reflects the society is composed of both objective and subjective knowledge and more importantly, it is a dynamic process of change. Mearsheimer gave one site on the change logic how social structure effect actions by constituting actors with certain identities and interests and Wendt add another site of interaction and reproduction of structures. Wendt thinks that there is much slack in the international structure which encourages policymakers work toward peaceful change. To sum up, Identity and structural change is a matter of micro and macro level. New identity of one country would cause the collective identity change in that region, usually by way of foreign policy and interaction. This kind of common in-group identity and we-feeling would ultimately create a new regional structure. China has been projecting a new national identity since the came out of reform and open-up grand policy in 1978 when jieji douzheng à ©Ã‹Å" ¶Ãƒ §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §Ãƒ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ° is replaced by à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯ and development, it is corresponding to the national political and economic development. In general ,more actions are made from the 1990s when Overseas Propaganda Department under the Party Central Committee and a new Information Office under the State Council were established, there are many white papers with subjects of human rights, environment protection published, for example 1992 Tibet — Its Ownership and Human Rights Situation, 1996 Environmental Protection in China and 1999 National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China.(40) The change from avoidance or ignoring such issues to engagement indicates that China is beginning to think about the soft power development. Cultural and media communication event is another method to promote Chinese new image and the hiring of a American firm in the 2008 Olympic Game is a case in this point. A research by Hongying Wang(à ¤Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °shows that China’s self-conception in international affairs consist with These four national images — a peace-loving nation, victim of foreign aggression, anti-hegemonic force and developing country. Though there is still difference from others perception, this project does makes China à ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ in foreign affairs.(40) Good neighbour policy(41) is the core theme for East Asia. In the 1950s, though Chairman Mao had adopted leaning to one side as grand foreign policy, Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence was proposed as the main doctrine in Asian affairs especial with third world countries. During the 1990s to 2010s, the main period of Chinas rise, China adopted Deng Xiaopingsâ€Å"Tao guang yang hui, you suo zuo wei † to active defence of China’s interests†¦ and not try to be either a hegemon or challenger to one as well as to be a participant or co-builder that contribute to the construction of a New International Order.(41) After established the diplomatic relations with neighbour countries like Indonesian, Singapore and South Korea, China gradually find the importance on multilateral means for the common interests. From the late 1990s, China has been promoting the democratisation of international relations in the New international Order. Accord with Wendts emphasise of verba l communication, terms like shelve difference, common grounds, peaceful, multi-polar are frequently seen from Chinese foreign policy papers. Apart from foreign policies, China has been passion about participating in regional activities. For Southeast Asia, China formalised its interaction with Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1991, and became a regular dialogue partner in 1996 which led to ASEAN plus Three (Japan, India and China) and ASEAN plus China. Joining in China-ASEAN Free Trade Area and ASEAN Regional Forum reflects increasing economic and political interaction. For Northeast, efforts put on both bilateral relationship with Japan and South Korea, as well multilateral relations on whole region, the Six-Party Talks and the â€Å"Track II† Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD) strengthen its involvement in Northeast Asian affairs(41). The effort and interaction would significantly influence the future of East Asia. Besides the huge economic gains and the general peaceful environment, on the constructivism aspect, the interactions would cause a collective identity of We in East Asia that has more confidence in dealing regional affairs peacefully. Countries are more interdependent which could be seen from the data and interaction facts above. Chinas engagement in East Asia would also create the common fate with its neighbours because it is impossible for China to escape from any international events, especially the for non-traditional security problems. Nevertheless, there is also fear of exploitation, just as skeptics judging Chinas peaceful rise is buying time, however, in the long term, the worry can be overcomed since the gain is reduced compared with a high level of interdependence and states has already internalised the collective identity at that time. (b2,349). In order to be more accepted by neighbour countries during communication, China has been working on eliminating the regime differences in proper areas. Under the principle of 1982 Constitution (socialist country led by Chinese Communist Party) and general domestic stability, more authority is distributed to local units as well as marketised several areas of economy aligned with the international market. These efforts are building the homogeneity or alikeness to other countries that China is, the same as any else, a developing country needs a peaceful environment. Homogeneity would have à ¦Ã‹Å" ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ-à ¥Ã…“ ° effect on military development which decrease the uncertainty for Chinas bullying action (even though China will never do that). The trend of a Kantian Culture in East Asia also benefits for everyone, to say that if the cooperation now is coloured with much material interests in Realism, but would change in a long period. The impact of structure on the agent could be seen from the ASEAN involvement of China in the very early stage. (32) When China became the candidate of regional hegemony, ASEAN posed a wide range of diplomatic initiatives contrary to realist way to intensify the dilemma that welcome China as a friend. Even though met many difficulties in the multilateral approach, significant achievement is undeniable. The structure change in East Asia is not as simple as we thought and we should consider the following points. First, the historical stereotype. For a big power, national identity à §Ã‚ ´Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ³Ã‚ » with its historical legacy.(45) Wendt (34) also notes history matters. It is quite hard to breakdown old identity and emerge new identity (b2,228) and (38) agrees it is a long-term proposal. In modern political society, the socialism China spent about forty years establish a national identity of exclusive (especially towards capitalism countries), assertiveness (both inside and outside). This situation began with Maos leaning to one side to Soviet Union in the early Cold War and à ©Ã‚ «Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ° in the Culture Revolution. After reform and open-up, China has been confronting with double difficulties of China Threat view in west world as well as breaking the former identity. These encourage China be intelligent in its friendly foreign policy but enhance its material power simultaneously. Second, regime differences. China as the biggest socialist country in the world, its political and economic regime is till mysterious to many countries. Though China tight center control is gradually understood and accepted based on Chinas achievements, so called none-democratic society is usually accused meeting sensitive cases, which makes it the biggest barrier for a homogeneity. On the contrary, Japan went through a better situation for its political revolution in the U.S. occupied period (45). However, this does not deny Japans other efforts of unmilitarisation, international assistance, etc. A westernised democratic regime helped it accepted easily psychologically. Based on the content above, China should keep on its process of reform domestically and externally. Peaceful rise is the only way in so that new national identity could be internalised to every countries and a co-existence East Asia is built. Conclusion The understanding of Chinas rise is a combination of realism, liberalism and constructivism. In the 2008 financial crisis, Chinas soon recovery makes it stronger economic power and the assistance for neighbour countries also contribute to a country of responsibility and kindness. Constructivism also helps explained why East Asia is generally peaceful with numbers of disputes. Apart from the economic lose in liberalism view; the shared norm of mutual trust and peace-loving plays an important role. Chinas peaceful rise strategy is the achievement made by both China itself and other countries in the region. Their transforming attitude toward China form hostility to acceptance is a core condition for Chinas proactive engagement. Finally, in the East Asian society, the entire process of Chinas rise is a Spiral Model (b1,198) that countries generate norms in the increasing interaction, and new norms and identities would result in a new regional structure that encourage the formation of interdependence, common fate and homogeneity. Even though there are obstacles, East Asian countries are à ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ towards it.